GeriTech

In Search of Technology that Improves Geriatric Care

problems to solve

Medication coordination & assisted living

Recently I’ve been trying to more intensively adjust medications for a few patients who live in assisted-living facilities.

Intensively, meaning that I might change the medication every 1-2 weeks, as the patient and I engage in a focused effort to figure out how best to manage a certain problem, such as pain, anxiety, insomnia, constipation, or falls.

Sometimes, I even have to change the medication after a day or two, if the most recent change seems to have made things worse instead of better.

All of this means lots of communication with the facility, the medication technicians, and the pharmacy. (And with the patient, but that’s often the easiest part.)

It has, for the most part, been a bit labor-intensive and challenging, especially when it comes to those facilities that use paper-based medication administration records (MARs). Hence, I’ve found myself thinking about how clinicians and facilities can coordinate and communicate regarding medications, in order to improve the care of patients.

The nice thing about having patients in assisted-living is that many of them use the facility’s medication management service, which means they will be reminded to take scheduled medication, and there will be a record of what has been taken. (For those elderly adults who live at home, figuring out what they take and how often can be quite a challenge.)

On the other hand, the facility’s involvement means there is an extra party involved in the communications. So as a clinician, you can’t just tell a patient to stop a medication. You also have to write an order for the facility.

Also, in most cases, if you prescribe a medication PRN (“as needed”), the patient will need to go ask the facility staff in order to get it. Many patients experience this as a barrier to access, and complain that they don’t get PRNs easily from their facility…it seems that they either are uncomfortable asking, or the med techs are hard to find, or something else seems to come up. Of course, the clinician may be able to authorize that the patient keep the PRN medication in his or her room, and self-administer. But in this case, it can be hard to determine just how much PRN medication the patient has taken.

To summarize, the main hitches I’ve run into are:

  • More effort required to prescribe medications or make changes, since the facility may require orders separate from the pharmacy prescription.
    • Orders and prescriptions usually have to be sent by fax.
    • Clarifications and questions are often sent back to me by fax.
    • Follow-up phone calls are often involved: either I call to make sure they got an order and have no questions, or they call me because they need more information.
  • Effort required to get a copy of the updated medication list, in order to make sure that all changes have been implemented correctly.
    • A copy of the most up-to-date medication list is also important if the patient is seeing other clinicians or specialists, who may have added or changed medications.
    • I usually have to call to request this information; faxing sometimes works but takes longer to get a response and sometimes there is no response. I also sometimes have to walk over to the facility’s med room, to get a copy of the list.
  • Extra effort often required to get a record of how often PRN medications were administered.
    • Some facilities chart this by hand, separately from a pharmacy-generated list of current prescriptions.
    • This information is often not included when a medication list is faxed to me.
  • Patients and families are often concerned that they won’t be able to get PRN medication promptly when it’s needed.
    • Cognitively impaired patients may have difficulty asking or recognizing their own need for medication.
    • Some patients complain that facility staff are slow to respond to PRN requests; I suspect that this is because the med techs tend to be very busy dispensing a lot of medications, and possibly also transcribing the latest changes to the orders.

 

What would help

For many of the issues listed above, a solution would be an electronic communication platform that included the providers, the pharmacy, the facility staff, as well as the patient and family.
Ideally:
  • Providers and families would be able to view the facility’s current medication orders in real-time.
  • Providers would be able to easily make changes, and it would only require one step to notify all parties of any change.
    • Changes should be made electronically, and no one would be copying prescriptions or orders into a binder.
  • Providers would easily see how often PRN medications had been administered. Families may also want to view this information, in order to participate more fully in the plan for managing a certain symptoms or problem.
  • Providers could easily copy or import the latest medication list, and PRN medication use, into their own electronic health records.
    • Families and patients may want to import this data into their own personal health records as well.
  • Patients and families would be easily able to give other providers access to this data.

Health innovation to the rescue! Some companies are working on just this kind of solution. (I mentioned one of them, Caremerge, in a post last fall.)

But it’s a long road from good idea to actual implemented solution with good usability. To begin with, it’s quite hard to design a comprehensive solution that works well for all parties involved. Then, there’s the challenge of getting providers and facilities and pharmacies to all use a single system. (Alternatively, we can each use our own system but then we need the systems to talk to each other easily…easy to wish for, hard to achieve.)

Just as physicians’ offices are slowly but surely moving from paper to electronic record-keeping, I’m sure that eventually all assisted-living facilities will have fully computerized medication management, along with electronic systems of care coordination and clinical communication. But how many different platforms will providers be willing to work with?

Many providers are already struggling with an EHR in clinic, and possibly another one for the hospital system they might be affiliated with. In such circumstances, providers might well balk at using a facility’s communication platform as well, and instead insist on continuing with the current system of faxing in orders. (Most providers, as best I can tell, don’t feel compelled to double-check the medication list as often as I tend to, so my problems are not quite their problems.)

As usual, we are left with some thorny issues to resolve as we work our way towards better communication and coordination.

For now, I am still waiting to be invited to a facility’s communication platform, and am hoping that a nearby facility tries something like Caremerge soon. (I’ve listed a few other issues I try to coordinate with assisted living facilities in this post.)

If you’re a clinician and have had any experience with a care coordination platform in assisted-living, I’d love to hear your thoughts on it.

 

Tweet and You Might Receive: Social Media, Serendipity, and Process Improvements

It all started with my sending a tweet.

Actually, that’s not quite true. The way it really started was with my frail elderly patient calling me in mid-January, to tell me he thought he had a UTI. But that part of the story is not new and novel; I’ve often had patients contact me with similar concerns.

I did what I usually do: ordered a UA and UCx. (I know, in theory better to check a UA, and if it looks suspicious, send for UCx. In practice, that’s logistically difficult if you don’t have the patient in clinic and aren’t able to dip the urine right then and there.)

The trouble was, the patient had called me on a Friday morning. “Bummer,” I thought, “I’ll probably get the UA on Saturday but the culture might not be back until Monday.”

Sure enough, on Saturday I checked my fax queue and there was a preliminary report: lots of white cells and nitrite in the urine.

High-risk elderly patient with symptoms. He needed empiric treatment started before the urine culture results would be available.

Being the clinical decision-support junkie that I am, I decided to take a quick peek at empiric treatment recommendations on UpToDate.com, where I confirmed that the recommended treatment is TMP-SMX. Unless, that is, there is local resistance >20%.

Or I could prescribe a fluoroquinolone. But, notes UpToDate, “increased resistance is mitigating the usefulness of the fluoroquinolone class.”

Hm. I found myself noticing that choices do, in fact, induce decision-fatigue. (No wonder so many docs just prescribe whatever they’re used to prescribing.)

Clearly, the task at hand — selecting a suitable antibiotic for empiric treatment of UTI — would be much easier if I knew what the local resistance antibiotic resistance patterns have been recently.

So, I decided to call the lab itself, Quest Diagnostics, thinking that maybe they’d be able to tell me about local resistance patterns.

The staff answering Quest’s results line seemed quite perplexed by my inquiry. They transferred me to the microbiology lab in San Jose, where they were equally perplexed. Sorry doctor, your culture results won’t be available for 1-2 days. And *then* we can tell you what the resistance pattern is for YOUR submitted sample.

I kept telling them I’m not asking about my sample, I’m asking about recent resistance on all urine samples from community patients.

I kept being told that resistance results will soon be available for MY sample.

Finally they transferred me to a supervisor, who told me that she sees what I’m getting at, and no, they don’t provide this information.

“But you must be culturing 1000 urines per week,” I pointed out. “You must have a sense of how much resistance there is to certain drugs.”

She laughed. “We run more like 10,000 urines.” But, she went on, this didn’t mean they had general antibiotic resistance data to share with doctors. Instead, she recommended I try the public health office. I didn’t bother to point out that they wouldn’t be open on a Saturday.

I hung up, picked an antibiotic to prescribe, and sent my request to the patient’s pharmacy

And then I sent out a tweet, commenting that although Quest does all these cultures, somehow the resistance data isn’t available to community docs like me.

A tweet heard across the country

To my surprise, my tweet was noticed by another doc, @HenryWeiMD, who addressed a follow-up tweet directly to @QuestDx — something I hadn’t thought to do — urging Quest to help @GeriTechBlog.

A few hours later, I received an email from Henry, addressed to me and someone at Quest, in which Henry introduced me to a contact at Quest and pointed out that if this kind of antibiotic resistance data isn’t yet being made available to community doctors, then it really should be as this would be a “HUGE low-lying apple/big win for public health.”

It turns out that Henry was a Presidential Innovation Fellow, though he’d been very much acting in a personal capacity when he followed up on my tweet. His tweet had prompted someone from Quest to send him a message offering assistance.

A week later, I was notified that my issue had been referred to Quest executives, who would be following up with me.

And then a few weeks later, I finally received a phone call from a very nice Quest VP.

“You’re the first to have asked” 

Yep, that’s what he told me. Which I find a little hard to believe, but it’s certainly possible that this is the first time that such a request has made it up the command chain. (Seems unlikely that the local microbiology supervisor would be forwarding inquiries such as mine.)

But here is what is really really exciting: now that I’ve asked — and miraculously been heard — Quest is willing to work on producing local antibiograms for community clinicians!

Now, it’s not available yet. We’ll have to be a little patient and let them figure out how to do it. It’s one thing to have the raw data, and another to collect it, organize it, and present it to a clinical audience. But if all goes well, eventually community docs will be able to access local antibiotic resistance data from Quest.

Woo-hoo! Smarter antibiotics prescribing, here we come!

Will docs actually use this info? Who knows, it’ll probably depend on how easy it is to access. For instance, if local antibiograms end up printed at the end of every abnormal UA report, I’d expect many doctors to incorporate this into their prescribing decision. However, if one has to call Quest or look it up online, then the information will likely be used less often. Still, better to have such info online rather than not at all.

In the meantime, as someone with a background in quality improvement, I’m intrigued by the twist that social media brings into all of this. In the past, we practicing doctors have not had easy ways to make ourselves heard and noticed. Now we can tweet and blog, although if you’re a small fry like me it’s also helpful to get a boost from someone with a little more clout and connections. (Thanks Henry!)

So what conclusions have I drawn from this so far?

  1. Clinicians should be vocal about specific things we need in order to practice according to guidelines.
  2. Social media can connect you to allies and like-minded others.
  3. It helps to know people who know people.

Summing it up

By commenting on a sensible clinical issue — my needing local antibiograms for better empiric UTI treatment — via Twitter, and getting echoed by another doctor with more visibility and connections, I found my request being considered by a senior executive at Quest Diagnostics.

I’m left concluding that we clinicians should be vocal and specific in pointing out things we need in order to practice care according to guidelines or best practices. Social media offers some good opportunities to do this.

I’m also very grateful to the leadership at Quest Diagnostics for engaging with this issue. If they can start providing clinicians with local antibiotic resistance data, they’ll be doing patients and providers a really good, useful service.

Five more real problems of real seniors

This post is a continuation of the previous post, and briefly describes five more problems that I often come across in my older patients, regardless of education and socioeconomic status. I have some preliminary ideas on how tech tools could help, and of course am open to any and all feasible solutions.

(Disclaimer repeated: These are big complicated problems. I briefly sketch out a few reasons why they happen, but there is of course more to them than I can describe here.)

More real problems of real elders (whether wealthy or not)

  • Lack of non-pharmacological treatment for conditions such as
    depression, gait instability, pain, incontinence, and dementia behavior
    management
    •  Why it happens:
      • Because it’s easier to for busy clinicians to prescribe a pill than
        to negotiate and arrange for non-pharmacological management, even though
        a non-drug approach is often safer and preferred by patients.
      • Because clinicians may not be aware that there are non-pharm
        alternatives that have been proven to be effective. Examples include
        physical therapy for gait problems and pain, psychotherapy for
        depression and insomnia, bladder training or timed toileting for
        incontinence, and REACH to help caregivers manage dementia.
    • What could help:
      • I’d love to see an app for older adults that lists several common
        diagnoses that can benefit from non-drug management. This could be done
        in an evidence-based way. Ideally it would somehow make it very easy for
        the provider to prescribe/refer, too.
      • Patients and caregivers need help speaking up and asking for alternatives.
  • Procedures and diagnostic evaluations of unclear clinical benefit
    •  Why it happens:
      • Providers are used to ordering lots of procedures and diagnostic evals – reflexes and habits die hard
      • Patients often request them (in part because they overestimate the likelihood of benefit)
      • Providers may not actually have time to think or look up likely benefits
      • Explaining the likely benefit to patients is time-consuming, especially when they have their hearts set on some test
    • What could help:
      • For clinicians: tools that make it very easy to access statistics related to the likelihood of benefit. 
        • I myself really like knowing the Number Needed to Treat (and Number Needed to Harm). Clinicians also should be able provide at least approximate “base rate” data to patients, i.e. if a cardiac cath is under consideration in order reducing heart attack risk, clinicians should not only say approximately how many people have to be cathed to avert an important outcome, but they should also be able to say roughly how many individuals are expected to have the heart attack or other outcome over the next 5-10 years.
        • As a clinician I can usually find some of these numbers by checking UpToDate or searching the literature, but it’s way too labor and time-intensive to do routinely.
        • Note that decision aids help with some of this, but I find it’s often not so easy to find a suitable decision aid right as I’m clinically working.
      • For patients and families: there should be patient-oriented versions of the data above.
        • Patients should also be coached on how to ask about expected benefit and base rates every time a significant procedure or test is recommended. Ex: “How are you expecting that I’ll benefit from this procedure, and what is the likelihood that I’ll actually benefit?“
      • In truth we need a national push to improve health literacy when it comes to numbers and statistics, and then we need point-of-care tools that make the data easily available AND provide tips on how to convey it/digest it.
      • Decision-aids are helpful but it needs to be easier for clinicians to find a good aid for the topic at hand, right when they need it. 
        • I love the way Amazon shows me what’s been popular, and what other shoppers like me have looked like. Would be great to see similar features in an online decision-aid repository:
          • easy to search based on features/filters (like age & general health condition of patient)
          • clinicians being shown items used by similar clinicians, i.e. it should know I’m a geriatrician and should show me items downloaded or flagged by other geriatricians
  • Lack of clarification of values, goals, and care preferences
    • Why it happens:
      • Most providers haven’t had enough training or practice discussing values/goals/care preferences with patients and families
      • Providers also tend to be very rushed and they focus on what is urgent and easier to take care of
      • Patients and families often don’t realize the importance of articulating values and goals, and may not realize that their healthcare could be provided differently. (There is quite a lot of research demonstrating that patients often — but not always — prefer less aggressive medical care, when offered enough information and a choice.)
      • Patients and families need support in asking clinicians to accommodate their preferences. 
    • What could help:
      • We should certainly keep trying to educate providers, but my guess is that we’ll get faster results if patients and caregivers start using advance care planning tools like PREPARE, created by my UCSF colleague Dr. Rebecca Sudore.
      • I’d love to see tools that coach patients and families on how to constructively insist that clinicians discuss values and goals. Has anyone come across some?
  • Inadequate symptom monitoring and management, including inadequate pain management
    • Why it happens: 
      • It’s often hard for providers to remember to follow-up on a symptom, especially in older complex patients who have multiple items which could be addressed in the visit
      • Providers may not be very comfortable addressing certain types of symptoms, especially those for chronic conditions that aren’t curable or don’t respond easily to a prescription (everyone prefers to work on something that feels very doable)
      • Patients and families often are not told how to track a symptom and the response to a proposed management plan, or they lack the tools to make this easily doable
    • What could help:
      • Clinicians need EMRs that keep track of unresolved symptoms, and keep prompting the care team to follow-up and address. Likewise, patients and families should be able to access something similar. That way in preparation for the next visit, clinicians would be reminded that here is a symptom that needs follow-up, and patients should be prepared to close the loop or follow-up on an unresolved problem brought up at a previous encounter.
        • We need to operationalize a Getting-Things-Done approach, which systematizes the capture of what needs to be done, and helps everyone identify the next step needed to move forward on a project.
      • We really need apps that work well as symptom trackers! Trying to dig data out of the patient’s memory is slow and error-prone.
        • Those that are combined with sensors that collect data passively sound promising. For example, for elderly diabetics who may be symptomatic from hypoglycemia (a clinician should wonder whether an elderly person’s woozy spells are low blood sugar versus some other cause), one could use one of those blood sugar sensing patches, along with some kind of app that would prompt the patient or caregiver to report dizzy spells or other events.
        • An app I really want: a symptom tracking app that allows the clinician to easily program in what symptom should be recorded. Let’s face it, it would be a pain to look for one app to track urinary symptoms, another app to track difficulty eating meals, another app to track episodes of confusion, and then another to track pain. The other day I tried to find an app to log episodes of fatigue and low energy in a friend, and I gave up after 15 min. Too many dang choices, none of which seemed suitable.
          • Better: an app in which it’s easy to program what you want to track, and how often the app should ping the patient/caregiver to log. Bonus if you can import in from a library of symptom templates (Pain: location, intensity, what you were doing, what you did for relief, how it worked, etc. Confusion in elders: situation, precipitating factors, how long it lasted, time of day, etc)
          • Re helping clinicians find suitable apps, Happtique is kind of a step in the right direction but not yet usable enough for my purposes, and couldn’t point me towards the fatigue tracking app I desire. (Also nutty that all these app developers expect clinicians to pay for their app before trying it. You’d think they’d offer every clinician at least 30 days free.) Just as we need a better user-interface to search for suitable decision aids (see above), we need it to sort through apps. Maybe Amazon should start an app store?
  • Frustration and confusion with the healthcare system
    • Why it happens: 
      • Too many reasons to list here! The system is poorly organized, poorly coordinated, and we do a terrible job of involving patients in their own care, and of helping patients understand what our plan is for them.
    • What could help:
      • I like the idea of a collaborative health record, in which both patient and care team can follow a common problem list. Just like Basecamp helps people collaborate on a joint project, EMRs should offer similar project management capabilities.
      • In general, we need sooo many improvements…progress is being made within healthcare, but if a critical mass of patients and families can mobilize and insist on participating in their healthcare, I think the needed changes will come sooner.
        • So far the more prominent e-patients (“equipped, enabled, empowered, engaged”) I’ve read about seem to be younger than my patients. Is there a movement for older e-patients with multimorbidity, or for their e-caregivers?

In a nutshell

Even wealthy educated older adults repeatedly suffer from certain
pervasive problems in outpatient healthcare. This post covered: difficulty getting non-pharmacological treatment for common conditions, procedures and diagnostic evaluations of unclear clinical benefit, poor attention to values/goals/preferences, inadequate monitoring and follow-up of symptoms, and frustration/confusion with the healthcare system.

In this post, I briefly summarize some key causes for these problems and some ideas for addressing them.

I’d love to be pointed towards any practical tools or technologies that
can help clinicians, patients, and families address these issues. 

4 common senior health problems that need solving

I noticed a few weeks ago that Brian Quinn over at RJWF Pioneer was asking for problems for the holidays. Apparently he is frequently approached by people with solutions, not with problems.

I wish he and I could switch places for a few weeks. You want problems? I’ve got problems, going up the wazoo (not my own, fortunately) and out the ears (which I do look in; lots of older people hear better once that wax is removed).

For instance, in my last post I mentioned some very common problems that I’ve discovered among most of my patients, even among my wealthy white educated Medicare patients.

In this post I’ll clarify these problems a little bit more, and share some thoughts on some approaches that I can envision helping solve each problem. (Hint: I can see a future for tech solutions here.)

Disclaimer: These are big complicated problems. I briefly list a few reasons why they happen, but this obviously can’t be comprehensive. (There’s a reason why expert workgroups produce such long reports.)

Real problems of real elders (whether wealthy or not)

  • Prescription of medications that cause confusion and worsened balance in seniors (and may increase the risk of developing dementia: see here and here). 
    • Why it happens:
      • Many common prescribed (and OTC) medications are “psychoactive”. These are the ones that usually come with warnings to not drive or operate machinery.
      • Most doctors know, when asked, which medications have these side-effects, but they underestimate how likely it is that an older patient will be affected.
    • What could help:
      • An app or other service that helps patients and caregivers quickly figure out whether a prescribed medication is on the Beers Criteria. This is a list of 34 medications and types of medications that are “potentially inappropriate” for older people, and was last updated in 2012.
      • A Beers Criteria App exists for healthcare providers, but I haven’t found one yet for patients and families.
      • The app should provide guidance on how to constructively engage providers when an potentially inappropriate medication is prescribed. The American Geriatrics Society offers suggestions here.
      • Most important is that the app make it super easy for patients to enter the medication name into the app. Has anyone yet developed a way that patients can take a picture of the prescription bottle, or barcode, or QRS code? (I’m so tired of medication apps that require people to laboriously type in medication names — huge usability killer.)
  • Dementia that goes undiagnosed for far too long; once diagnosed, inadequate education and support for family caregivers
    • Why it happens:
      • PCPs are too busy; they have too much to do, and far too little time.
      • Many PCPs are uncomfortable doing cognitive screening, both because they haven’t done it often and because they aren’t sure exactly what to do with the results (nobody likes to open a can of worms).
    • What could help getting diagnosis started:
      •  Cognitive screening is now supposed to be part of Medicare’s annual wellness visit. A suitable app could help patients and caregivers be proactive in gathering practical information prior to the visit. This should include a questionnaire on ability to manage IADLs independently; problems with IADLs are a good sign that further cognitive evaluation is needed. One could also include a short questionnaire based on something like the Alzheimer’s Association’s 10 signs.
      • I currently find no app available to help patients and families prepare to bring up a concern of cognitive impairment to a clinician. Does anyone know of one?
  • Lack of care coordination among multiple specialists and care sites
    • Why it happens:
      • Many reasons, including siloed information, not-yet-widely-compatible HIT systems, clinicians unused to having to coordinate with others and share information.
      • Those patients and families who are willing to keep their information and move it with them have found it hard to obtain and organize their information. (I’m eager to see if the new Blue Button output will help.)
    • What could help:
      • This problem’s too big to address in this post. Eventually we’ll have better personal health records and health information exchange.
  • Inadequate understanding of overall health status, health trajectory, and prognosis
    • Why it happens:
      • Many reasons; generally clinicians are lacking the time, comfort, and sometimes experience in addressing the “big-picture” with patients and families, especially if that big picture isn’t looking so rosy.
    • What could help:
      • Clinicians need a lot of training and support in order to do their part. Apps and programs are sorely needed to help calculate life expectancy, likelihood of dying in next few years, etc. Right now it takes a lot of work to get the right data right now; imagine if clinicians could instead ask Siri (or IBM’s Watson). Then they could focus on the task of sharing the info with the patient (this is hard, and before especially tough talks I still review something like the Fast Facts for Palliative Care, or Uptodate).
      • While we wait for millions of clinicians to get more training: it would help if patients and families could be coached in how to ask their providers to address big-picture issues, by regularly saying things like “How do you expect my overall health and function to evolve over the next five years?” Or “How important is managing this condition, in the overall context of my loved one’s health?” (This is when we can opt to not do routine cardiac testing in the dementia patient who is peeing blood and losing weight — true story from several years ago! We really need to help both clinicians and families see the forest before addressing the trees.)
      • Coaching and patient education interventions have been developed and tested; the issue is making them more widely available and usable for patients and families.

Ok, I will list ideas for addressing the second half of my list in my next post.

In the meantime, if any clinicians or others have ideas on how to address the above problems, please comment or email me.

In a nutshell

Even wealthy educated older adults repeatedly suffer from certain pervasive problems in outpatient healthcare. These include the prescribing of risky medications, late diagnosis of cognitive impairment, lack of care coordination, and inadequate understanding of overall health status and prognosis.

In this post, I briefly summarize some key causes for these problems and some ideas for addressing them.

I’d love to be pointed towards any practical tools or technologies that can help clinicians, patients, and families address these issues.